SME
Grade 9 Science · Problem type
Which DNA tool is it?
Use this for “Which technique would make millions of copies of DNA from one hair?”
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Which tool or technique is it?
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Assumptions
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PCR copies DNA, gel electrophoresis sorts it by size, and enzymes cut it at chosen sequences.
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Genetic engineering moves a gene into another organism, which then makes that gene’s protein.
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Related lessons
Mutations, gene expression and biotechnology
Main lesson
An insertion shifts the reading frame
Use this for “Why does inserting one base change every amino acid after it?”
A deletion shifts the reading frame
Use this for “One base is deleted from a gene. Which codons change, and is there still a stop codon?”
Gel electrophoresis: a piece of DNA cut once
Use this for “A 5,000 bp piece is cut once, and one fragment is 3,000 bp. How long is the other?”
PCR: copies double each cycle
Use this for “Starting from 2 copies, how many copies are there after 10 cycles of PCR?”
Silent, missense, nonsense or frameshift?
Use this for “The codon GAA changes to GUA. What kind of mutation is it?”
Genes switched on and off
Use this for “Why does a bacterium make the enzymes for lactose only when lactose is there?”
DNA fingerprinting
Use this for “Which suspect’s DNA matches the evidence?” or “Could this man be the father?”