SME
Biochemistry
Gluconeogenesis, glycogen and amino-acid metabolism
Use this for “List the steps of gluconeogenesis from pyruvate to glucose. How many ATP and GTP does one glucose cost?”
Put in order
Put the steps of gluconeogenesis in order, from pyruvate to glucose.
1
?
2
?
3
?
4
?
5
?
6
?
7
?
8
?
9
?
Assumptions
•
Counted per glucose: two pyruvate make one glucose, so every step up to aldolase runs twice.
•
Three steps bypass the irreversible steps of glycolysis: pyruvate carboxylase with PEP carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase; the rest run glycolysis backward.
•
GTP counts as one ATP equivalent: 4 ATP and 2 GTP are spent, 6 in all, with 2 NADH used.
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Urea from protein nitrogen
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More problem types
Urea from protein nitrogen
Use this for “Someone breaks down 85 g of protein in a day. How much urea is made, and how much ATP does the urea cycle spend?”
Glycogen: made or broken down?
Use this for “Does glycogen phosphorylase act when glycogen is made or when it is broken down? And phosphoglucomutase?”